江汉平原植棉区春玉米与短季棉套作的种植表现

为探索适宜江汉平原植棉区监利县旱地作物高产高效种植模式,开展了春玉米与短季棉套种模式示范试验。结果表明:春玉米与短季棉套种模式达到了玉米和棉花双丰收的高产效果,经济收益为33000元/hm^2左右,明显高于玉米和棉花的单作收益,是旱地作物结构调整的较好模式。     

不同生物刺激剂对鲜食玉米产量和品质的影响

为研究生物刺激剂对玉米的增产提质效果,试验探讨不同生物刺激剂对玉米的产量和品质方面的影响,为鲜食玉米的优质高产栽培提供技术支撑。以鲜食玉米‘钱江糯3号’为试验品种,以3种生物刺激剂（阿美滋、美基、保康灵1号）为供试药剂,设置6个处理（阿美滋1000倍液、阿美滋1500倍液、阿美滋2000倍液、美基3000倍液、保康灵1号300倍液、清水对照）,研究大田常规施肥水平下药剂对‘钱江糯3号’的经济性状、产量及品质的影响。在阿美滋1500倍液喷施下,玉米的行粒数、单穗鲜重和单穗净重、产量均最高,蛋白质含量、粗纤维含量、还原糖含量、淀粉含量均居第3位;在保康灵1号300倍液喷施下,玉米的穗粗最高,单穗鲜重、单穗净重、产量均居第2位,蛋白质含量最高,脂肪含量最低,还原糖含量居第2位。阿美滋1500倍液在增加玉米产量上是最佳选择,保康灵1号300倍液则对提升玉米品质最有效果。建议生产上将阿美滋1500倍液与保康灵1号300倍液配合施用,这对鲜食玉米的增产提质效果最好。     

甜玉米不同采收期籽粒品质性状研究

为研究不同采收期甜玉米品质性状的变化,以7个国内生产主推甜玉米品种为研究材料,设置授粉后15、18、21、24、27、30天共计6个采收期,动态监测甜玉米籽粒含水率、果皮厚度和糖组分等指标。结果表明：（1）参试甜玉米品种的籽粒含水率在授粉后15~30天呈下降趋势,其籽粒含水率变幅为80.09%~68.76%。不同甜玉米品种间籽粒含水率的平均下降速率各异。‘京科甜608’、‘京科甜533’和‘中农大甜413’籽粒含水率下降速率相对缓慢。（2）参试甜玉米品种果皮厚度随授粉后天数增加呈先升高后降低的单峰变化趋势,峰值出现在授粉后21天左右。不同品种间籽粒平均果皮厚度以‘京科甜608’和‘米哥’最低,为78.40 μm;‘中农大甜413’最高,为91.63 μm。（3）参试甜玉米品种籽粒中葡萄糖和果糖含量在授粉后15~30天呈降低趋势,‘京科甜533’、‘京科甜183’、‘京科甜608’葡萄糖和果糖含量在授粉后15~24天相对较高。蔗糖和山梨醇含量随授粉后天数增加呈先升高后降低趋势,在授粉后21~30天,蔗糖含量以‘京科甜158’和‘米哥’含量相对较高。籽粒发育初期（授粉后21天之前）,籽粒中以果糖和葡萄糖为主,之后蔗糖逐渐增加。不同品种间,‘京科甜533’、‘京科甜183’、‘中农大甜413’和‘京科甜608’籽粒中总糖含量均高于‘米哥’,其籽粒中糖组分主要以果糖和葡萄糖等还原性糖为主,而蔗糖含量相对较低。     

草地贪夜蛾对小麦和玉米的产卵选择性及其种群生命表

为明确草地贪夜蛾对小麦的产卵选择性及其是否对小麦安全生产构成威胁,本研究以玉米和小麦作为测试寄主,比较分析了草地贪夜蛾对两种作物不同部位的产卵选择性,并利用两性生命表方法研究了取食小麦、玉米对其生命参数的影响。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾更喜欢在玉米上产卵,其在玉米、小麦叶片、玉米和小麦茎秆上的产卵量存在显著差异(df=102,F=15.593,P<0.05),以玉米叶片背面卵块数量(7.11±1.55)块/笼最高;草地贪夜蛾取食小麦可以完成生活史,但幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率和世代存活率低于取食玉米。取食玉米的幼虫发育历期为(16.31±0.15)d,显著高于取食小麦的(14.66±0.12)d,蛹期、蛹重、产卵前期、成虫寿命和世代周期无显著差异。取食小麦羽化出的雌虫寿命、平均单雌产卵量显著高于取食玉米,分别为(16.39±0.40)d、(976.31±57.21)粒和(14.64±0.32)d、(831.57±30.55)粒。生命表参数显示取食玉米的净增殖率为363.14,显著高于小麦的258.63,但内禀增长率、周限增长率和平均世代周期无显著差异。研究结果为草地贪夜蛾在小麦上的预测预报和有效防控提供了基础数据。     

玉米北方炭疽病研究进展

 玉米北方炭疽病是一种世界性玉米病害,也是中国北方玉米产区的主要病害之一。本文主要就该病害名称由来、田间症状特征与鉴定、致病菌生物学特性、致病力分化、遗传转化与靶基因敲除方法、影响发病条件、品种抗病性鉴定与抗病性遗传和防治方法等方面进行了综述,以期为玉米北方炭疽病防控技术提供参考。     

油菜覆膜打孔穴播机打孔装置设计与试验

为实现油菜等小粒径作物覆膜种植中膜上均匀打孔的功能,针对传统膜上成穴装置结构庞大复杂、工作时易黏土挑种及撕挑地膜等问题,设计了一种法兰式滚轮与螺纹式圆锥型锥钉组合式结构的打孔装置,确定了其主要结构参数范围;构建了打孔装置运动学模型,分析了打孔锥钉关键点的运动轨迹,确定了膜上打孔过程,并基于轨迹方程分析了膜孔尺寸参数;运用ADAMS运动学仿真,采用四因素三水平正交试验方法,以打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径、打孔滚轮半径、机组前进速度为试验因素,以膜孔长度、膜孔间距偏差为试验考核指标,进行了打孔装置结构和运动参数的仿真试验。仿真结果表明:影响膜孔长度的因素主次顺序为打孔滚轮半径、打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径、机组前进速度;影响膜孔间距偏差的因素主次顺序为打孔滚轮半径、机组前进速度、打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径;基于参数优化,获得较优参数组合为:打孔锥钉顶角53°、打孔锥钉直径16 mm、打孔滚轮半径65 mm、机组前进速度4 km/h。以打孔装置较优结构参数组合进行了田间验证试验,结果表明:打孔装置所打膜孔形状较规则,普遍呈类圆形状,膜孔长度均在18 mm以上,膜孔间距较为均匀,与仿真结果基本一致;各行膜孔长度一致性变异系数为4.98%,各行膜孔间距均匀性变异系数为3.44%。结果表明试验参数组合选取合理,打孔装置符合设计要求。     

板木家具实木化设计方法研究

概述了板木家具实木化结构分类;介绍了板木家具通过材料以及结构形态设计表现实木质感的形式,从结构形态和材料两个维度,以及零部件实木化和结构组合实木化两个层面,探讨了提升板木家具实木质感的设计方法。阐述了该设计方法在板木桌类、椅类、床类、柜类家具设计中的具体应用。该设计方法可以减少优质木材资源的利用,有效增强板木家具的实木质感。     

Maize/peanut intercropping increases photosynthetic characteristics, ~(13)C-photosynthate distribution,and grain yield of summer maize

Intercropping is used widely by smallholder farmers in developing countries to increase land productivity and profitability. We conducted a maize/peanut intercropping experiment in the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in Shandong, China. Treatments included sole maize(SM), sole peanut(SP), and an intercrop consisting of four rows of maize and six rows of peanut(IM and IP). The results showed that the intercropping system had yield advantages based on the land equivalent ratio(LER) values of 1.15 and 1.16 in the two years, respectively. Averaged over the two years, the yield of maize in the intercropping was increased by 61.05% compared to that in SM, while the pod yield of peanut was decreased by 31.80% compared to SP. Maize was the superior competitor when intercropped with peanut, and its productivity dominated the yield of the intercropping system in our study. The increased yield was due to a higher kernel number per ear(KNE). Intercropping increased the light transmission ratio(LTR) of the ear layer in the maize canopy, the active photosynthetic duration(APD), and the harvest index(HI) compared to SM. In addition, intercropping promoted the ratio of dry matter accumulation after silking and the distribution of ~(13) C-photosynthates to grain compared to SM. In conclusion, maize/peanut intercropping demonstrated the potential to improve the light condition of maize, achieving enhanced photosynthetic characteristics that improved female spike differentiation, reduced barrenness, and increased KNE. Moreover, dry matter accumulation and ~(13) C-photosynthates distribution to grain of intercropped maize were improved, and a higher grain yield was ultimately obtained.     

秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对砂性土壤性质及滴灌玉米生长的影响

为探究秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤改良和玉米增产的效应,在秸秆还田条件下施用3种不同腐熟剂[生物秸秆速腐剂(SR+BS)、EM菌秸秆腐熟剂(SR+RJ)、有机废物发酵菌曲(SR+OW)],以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂处理为对照(CK),研究其对秸秆生物失重率、砂性土壤理化性状和滴灌玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,3种腐熟剂均能有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,其中SR+RJ的秸秆腐解程度最佳,翻埋130 d后其秸秆生物失重率为49.9%,SR+OW和SR+BS次之,3种处理分别较CK显著提高7.1、5.7、5.2个百分点。SR+RJ对改善0~40 cm土层土壤容重效果最佳,较CK显著降低4.2%,同时显著提高了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量及生育中后期土壤贮水量,SR+OW和SR+BS次之。施用秸秆腐熟剂能明显促进玉米生育中后期植株生长,其中SR+RJ最佳。SR+RJ和SR+OW对玉米增产增收效果最明显,分别较CK显著增产26.9%、23.4%,显著增收28.8%、23.4%。可见,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂可有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,改善土壤理化性质,促进玉米生长发育,显著提高作物产量与经济效益,以EM菌秸秆腐熟剂效果最佳。本研究为宁夏扬黄灌区还田后促进秸秆腐熟和砂性土壤培肥及玉米高产提供了技术参考。     

Functional polymorphism among members of abscisic acid receptor family(ZmPYL) in maize

Pyrabactin resistance 1-like proteins(PYLs) are direct receptors of abscisic acid(ABA). For the redundant and polymorphic functions, some members of the PYL family interact with components of other signaling pathways. Here, 253 positive colonies from a maize cDNA library were screened as interacting proteins with the members of ZmPYL family. After sequencing and function annotation, 17 of 28 interaction combinations were verified by yeast two-hybrid(Y2 H). The germination potential, taproot length and proline content of a quartet mutant of Arabidopsis PYL genes were significantly deceased comparing to the wild type(WT) under alkaline stress(pH 8.5) and 100 μmol L–1 methyl jasmonate(MeJA) induction. The malondialdehyde(MDA) content was significantly increased. After germinating in darkness, the characteristics of dark morphogenesis of the quartet mutant seedlings were more obvious than those of the WT. The differential expression of the related genes of photomorphogenesis in the mutant was much more than that in the WT. Three light and two JA responsive cis-affecting elements were identified during the promoter sequences of the AtPYL1 and AtPYL2 genes. These results suggested that functional polymorphism has evolved among the members of ZmPYL family. In response to developmental and environmental stimuli, they not only function as direct ABA receptors but also interact with components of other signaling pathways mediated JA, brassinosteroid(BR), auxin, etc., and even directly regulate downstream stress-related proteins. These signaling pathways can interact at various crosstalk points and different levels of gene expression within a sophisticated network.